![]() In contrast, performance-based measures often do not include the validity scales that are included in the self-reported measures. In another self-reported measure known as the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), the negative impression (NIM) scale measures distorted responses to provide a negative impression, while positive impression (PIM) measures the attempts to impress to provide a positive impression. The L or K scale in the MMPI-2 can effectively detect under-reporting. The F scale in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), one of the most well-known self-reported measures, is a scale that can effectively detect examinees who exaggerate psychopathology in the tests. Generally, self-reported measures have validity scales embedded in the tests which could help clinicians determine the over- or under-reporting of symptoms reported by examinees. Thus, ensuring the reliability of the psychological test is very difficult. However, it is not easy for the clinicians to determine whether the examinee has made best efforts in the psychological test based on performance-based measures, self-reported measures, and clinical judgments. Specifically, the examinee may show a poor effort in the psychological test by over- or under-reporting their symptoms for various reasons, including legal issues, financial gain, stigmas, or refusal of treatment clinicians must be aware of this to obtain valid data. Testifying the validity of the psychological assessment is very important for both the evaluators and for the clinicians who receive the report. After examinees complete a psychological assessment in a psychiatric setting, clinicians judge whether the examinee is making reasonable efforts in performing the psychological test, is reporting exaggerated symptoms, or conversely, under-reporting their symptoms. ![]()
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